With discovery that chromosomes were the location of units of heredity (genes), experimentation intensified. Investigations were able to gradually determine that particular genes were located at particular points on given chromosomes. Also, certain genetic diseases were identified with chromosomal abnormalities. For example, Downs syndrome is caused by an extra number 23 chromosome. (See:
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/human-karyotype-down-syndrome-autosomal-abnormalities-2079480550
(Meiosis does not always work perfectly.)